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- <h1 align="left">Boost Library Requirements and Guidelines</h1>
- <p align="left"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a><br>
- <a href="#Requirements">Requirements</a><br>
- <a href="#License">License requirements</a><br>
- <a href="#Portability">Portability requirements</a><br>
- <a href="#Ownership">Ownership</a><br>
- <a href="#Guidelines">Guidelines</a><br>
- <a href="#Design_and_Programming">Design and programming</a><br>
- <a href="#Directory_structure">Directory structure and
- filenames</a><br>
- <a href="#Naming­_consistency">Naming consistency</a><br>
- <a href="#Documentation">Documentation</a><br>
- <a href="#Rationale">Rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#Exception-specification">Exception-specification
- rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#Naming">Naming conventions rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#code_fonts">Source code fonts rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#Tabs">Tabs rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#JavaScript">ECMAScript/JavaScript rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#Rationale_rationale">Rationale rationale</a><br>
- <a href="#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements rationale</a></p>
- <h2 align="left"><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
- <p align="left">This page describes requirements and guidelines for the content of
- a library submitted to Boost.</p>
- <p align="left">See the <a href="submission_process.htm">Boost Library Submission
- Process</a> page for a description of the process involved.</p>
- <h2 align="left"><a name="Requirements">Requirements</a></h2>
- <p>To avoid the frustration and wasted time of a proposed library being rejected,
- it must meets these requirements:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>
- The license must meet the <a href="#License">license requirements</a>
- below. Restricted licenses like the GPL and LGPL are not acceptable.
- <li>
- The copyright <a href="#Ownership">ownership</a>
- must be clear.
- <li>
- The library must be generally useful and not restricted to a narrow problem
- domain.
- <li>
- The library must meet the <a href="#Portability">portability requirements</a>
- below.
- <li>
- The library must come reasonably close to meeting the <a href="#Guidelines">Guidelines</a>
- below.
- <ul>
- <li>
- <a href="#Design_and_Programming">Design and Programming</a>
- <li>
- <a href="#Directory_structure">Directory Structure</a>
- <li>
- <a href="#Documentation">Documentation</a></li>
- </ul>
- <li>
- The author must be willing to participate in discussions on the mailing list,
- and to refine the library accordingly.</li>
- </ul>
- <p>There's no requirement that an author read the mailing list for a time before
- making a submission. It has been noted, however, that submissions which begin
- "I just started to read this mailing list ..." seem to fail, often
- embarrassingly.</p>
- <h3 align="left"><a name="License">License</a> requirements</h3>
- <p>The preferred way to meet the license requirements is to use the <a href="../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
- Boost Software License</a>. See <a href="license_info.html">license information</a>.
- If for any reason you do not intend to use the Boost Software License, please
- discuss the issues on the Boost <a href="mailing_lists.htm#main">developers
- mailing list</a> first.</p>
- <p>The license requirements:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Must be simple to read and understand.
- <li>
- Must grant permission without fee to copy, use and modify the software for any
- use (commercial and non-commercial).
- <li>
- Must require that the license appear on all copies of the software source code.
- <li>
- Must not require that the license appear with executables or other binary uses
- of the library.
- <li>
- Must not require that the source code be available for execution or other
- binary uses of the library.
- <li>
- May restrict the use of the name and description of the library to the standard
- version found on the Boost web site.</li>
- </ul>
- <h3 align="left"><a name="Portability">Portability</a> requirements</h3>
- <ul>
- <li>
- <p align="left">A library's interface must portable and not restricted to a
- particular compiler or operating system.</p>
- <li>
- <p align="left">A library's implementation must if possible be portable and not
- restricted to a particular compiler or operating system. If a portable
- implementation is not possible, non-portable constructions are acceptable if
- reasonably easy to port to other environments, and implementations are provided
- for at least two popular operating systems (such as UNIX and Windows).</p>
- <li>
- <p align="left">There is no requirement that a library run on C++ compilers which
- do not conform to the ISO standard. </p>
- <li>
- <p align="left">There is no requirement that a library run on any particular C++
- compiler. Boost contributors often try to ensure their libraries work
- with popular compilers. The boost/config.hpp <a href="../libs/config/config.htm">
- configuration header</a> is the preferred mechanism for working around
- compiler deficiencies.</p>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p align="left">Since there is no absolute way to prove portability, many boost
- submissions demonstrate practical portability by compiling and executing
- correctly with two different C++ compilers, often under different operating
- systems. Otherwise reviewers may disbelieve that porting is in fact
- practical.</p>
- <h3 align="left"><a name="Ownership">Ownership</a></h3>
- <p align="left">Are you sure you own the library you are thinking of
- submitting? "How to Copyright Software" by MJ Salone, Nolo Press,
- 1990 says:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p align="left">Doing work on your own time that is very similar to programming
- you do for your employer on company time can raise nasty legal problems.
- In this situation, it's best to get a written release from your employer in
- advance.</p>
- </blockquote>
- <p align="left">Place a copyright notice in all the important files you submit.
- Boost won't accept libraries without clear copyright information.</p>
- <h2 align="left"><a name="Guidelines">Guidelines</a></h2>
- <p align="left">Please use these guidelines as a checklist for preparing the
- content a library submission. Not every guideline applies to every
- library, but a reasonable effort to comply is expected.</p>
- <h3><a name="Design_and_Programming">Design and Programming</a></h3>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Aim first for clarity and correctness; optimization should be only a secondary
- concern in most Boost libraries.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Aim for ISO Standard C++. Than means making effective use of the standard
- features of the language, and avoiding non-standard compiler extensions. It
- also means using the C++ Standard Library where applicable.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Headers should be good neighbors. See the <a href="header.htm">header policy</a>.
- See <a href="#Naming­_consistency">Naming consistency</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Follow quality programming practices. See, for example, "Effective C++" 2nd
- Edition, and "More Effective C++", both by Scott Meyers, published by Addison
- Wesley.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Use the C++ Standard Library or other Boost libraries, but only when the
- benefits outweigh the costs. Do not use libraries other than the C++
- Standard Library or Boost. See <a href="library_reuse.htm">Library reuse</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Read <a href="imp_vars.htm">Implementation Variation</a> to see how to supply
- performance, platform, or other implementation variations.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Read the <A href="separate_compilation.html">guidelines for libraries with
- separate source</A>
- to see how to ensure that compiled link libraries meet user expectations.
- </li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <LI>
- Use the naming conventions of the C++ Standard Library (See <a href="#Naming">Naming
- conventions rationale</a>):
- <br>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Names (except as noted below) should be all lowercase, with words separated by
- underscores.
- <li>
- Acronyms should be treated as ordinary names (e.g. <code>xml_parser</code> instead
- of <code>XML_parser</code>).
- <li>
- Template parameter names begin with an uppercase letter.
- <li>
- Macro (gasp!) names all uppercase and begin with BOOST_.</li>
- </ul>
- </LI>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Choose meaningful names - explicit is better than implicit, and readability
- counts. There is a strong preference for clear and descriptive names, even if
- lengthy.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Use exceptions to report errors where appropriate, and write code that is safe
- in the face of exceptions.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Avoid exception-specifications. See <a href="#Exception-specification">exception-specification
- rationale</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Provide sample programs or confidence tests so potential users can see how to
- use your library.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Provide a regression test program or programs which follow the <a href="test_policy.htm">
- Test Policies and Protocols</a>.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Although some boost members use proportional fonts, tabs, and unrestricted line
- lengths in their own code, boost's widely distributed source code should follow
- more conservative guidelines:
- <ul>
- <li>
- Use fixed-width fonts. See <a href="#code_fonts">fonts rationale</a>.
- <li>
- Use spaces rather than tabs. See <a href="#Tabs">tabs rationale</a>.
- <li>
- Limit line lengths to 80 characters.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- End all documentation files (HTML or otherwise) with a copyright message and a
- licensing message. See the <a href="#Copyright">end of this file</a> for an
- example of the preferred form.</li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Begin all source files (including programs, headers, scripts, etc.) with:
- <br>
- <ul>
- <li>
- A comment line describing the contents of the file.<br>
-
- <li>
- Comments describing copyright and licensing. The preferred form is:<br>
- <br>
- <code>// Copyright Jane Programmer 2002. Use, modification, and distribution
- are<br>
- // subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying<br>
- // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)<br>
- </code>
- <br>
- Please leave an empty line before and after the copyright and license comments.
- It is fine if the copyright and license messages are on different lines, but
- there should be no other intervening text. Do not include "All rights reserved"
- in the copyright message.<br>
- <br>
- See <a href="license_info.html">license information page</a> for more
- information about the Boost Software License.<br>
- <br>
- Note that developers should not include a copy of <code>LICENSE_1_0.txt</code> in
- their libraries; Boost distributions already include a copy in the Boost root
- directory.<br>
-
- <li>
- A comment line referencing your library on the Boost web site. For example:<br>
- <br>
- <code>// See http://www.boost.org/libs/foo for library home page.</code><br>
- <br>
- where <code>foo</code> is the directory name (see below) for your library. As
- well as aiding users who come across a Boost file detached from its
- documentation, some of Boost's automatic tools depend on this comment to
- identify which library header files belong to.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Make sure your code compiles in the presence of the <code>min()</code> and <code>max()</code>
- macros. Some platform headers define <code>min()</code> and <code>max()</code> macros which
- cause some common C++ constructs to fail to compile. Some simple tricks can protect your code
- from inappropriate macro substitution:<br>
- <ul>
- <li>
- If you want to call <code>std::min()</code> or <code>std::max()</code>:<br>
- <ul>
- <li>
- If you do not require argument-dependent look-up, use <code>(std::min)(a,b)</code>.
- </li>
- <li>
- If you do require argument-dependent look-up, you should:<br>
- <ul>
- <li><code>#include <boost/config.hpp></code></li>
- <li>Use <code>BOOST_USING_STD_MIN();</code> to bring <code>std::min()</code> into
- the current scope.</li>
- <li>Use <code>min BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION (a,b);</code> to make an
- argument-dependent call to <code>min(a,b)</code>.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>
- If you want to call <code>std::numeric_limits<int>::max()</code>, use
- <code>(std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()</code> instead.<br>
- </li>
- <li>
- If you want to call a <code>min()</code> or <code>max()</code> member function,
- instead to doing <code>obj.min()</code>, use <code>(obj.min)()</code>.<br>
- </li>
- <li>
- If you want to declare or define a function or a member function named <code>min</code>
- or <code>max</code>, then you must use the <code>BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION</code>
- macro. Instead of writing <code>int min() { return 0; }</code> you should write
- <code>int min BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION () { return 0; }</code> This is true
- regardless if the function is a free (namespace scope) function, a member function or a
- static member function, and it applies for the function declaration as well as the
- function definition.<br>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <h3><a name="Directory_structure">Directory Structure</a> and Filenames</h3>
- <ul>
- <li>
- File and directory names must contain only <b>lowercase</b> ASCII letters , numbers,
- underscores, and a period. Leading character must be alphabetic. Maximum
- length 31. Only a single period is permitted. These requirements ensure
- file and directory names are relatively portable.
- <li>
- Files intended to be processed by a C++ compiler as part
- of a translation unit should have <b>a three-letter
- extension ending in "pp"</b>. Other files should
- <i>not</i> use extensions ending in "pp". This
- convention makes it easy to identify all of the C++ source
- in Boost.</li>
- <li>
- All libraries have at their highest level a primary directory named for the
- particular library. See <a href="#Naming­_consistency">Naming consistency</a>.
- The primary directory may have sub-directories.
- <li>
- For very simple libraries implemented entirely within the library header, all
- files go in the primary directory (except headers, which go in the boost header
- directory).</li>
- </ul>
- <blockquote>
- <p><b>Boost standard sub-directory names</b></p>
- <table border="1" cellpadding="5">
- <tr>
- <td><b>Sub-directory</b></td>
- <td><b>Contents</b></td>
- <td><b>Required</b></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code>build</code></td>
- <td>Library build files such as a Jamfile.</td>
- <td>If any build files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code>doc</code></td>
- <td>Documentation (HTML) files.</td>
- <td>If several doc files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code>example</code></td>
- <td>Sample program files.</td>
- <td>If several sample files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code>src</code></td>
- <td>Source files which must be compiled to build the library. </td>
- <td>If any source files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td><code>test</code></td>
- <td>Regression or other test programs or scripts.</td>
- <td>If several test files.</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </blockquote>
- <h4><a name="Redirection">Redirection</a></h4>
- <p>The primary directory should always contain a file named index.html (or
- index.htm). Authors have requested this so that they can publish URL's in the
- form <i>http://www.boost.org/libs/lib-name</i> with the assurance a
- documentation reorganization won't invalidate the URL. Boost's internal tools
- are also simplified by knowing that a library's documentation is always
- reachable via the simplified URL.</p>
- <p>If the documentation is in a doc sub-directory, the primary directory
- index.html file should just do an automatic redirection to the doc
- subdirectory:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <pre><html>
- <head>
- <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=doc/index.html">
- </head>
- <body>
- Automatic redirection failed, please go to
- <a href="doc/index.html">doc/index.html</a>
- </body>
- </html></pre>
- </blockquote>
- <h3><a name="Naming­_consistency">Naming consistency</a></h3>
- <p>As library developers and users have gained experience with Boost, the
- following consistent naming approach has come to be viewed as very helpful,
- particularly for larger libraries that need their own header subdirectories
- and namespaces.</p>
- <p>Here is how it works. The library is given a name that describes the contents
- of the library. Cryptic abbreviations are strongly discouraged. Following the
- practice of the C++ Standard Library, names are usually singular rather than
- plural. For example, a library dealing with file systems might chose the
- name "filesystem", but not "filesystems", "fs" or "nicecode".</p>
- <ul>
- <li>
- The library's primary directory (in parent <i>boost-root/libs</i>) is given
- that same name. For example, <i>boost-root/libs/filesystem</i>.<br>
-
- <li>
- The library's primary header directory (in parent <i>boost-root/boost</i>) is
- given that same name. For example, <i>boost-root/boost/filesystem</i>.<br>
-
- <li>
- The library's primary namespace (in parent <i>::boost</i>) is given that same
- name, except when there's a component with that name (e.g., <i>boost::tuple</i>), in which case the namespace name is pluralized. For example, <i>::boost::filesystem</i>.</li>
- </ul>
- <p>When documenting Boost libraries, follow these conventions (see also the following section of this document):
- <ul>
- <li>The library name is set in roman type.</li>
- <li>The library name is capitalized.</li>
- <li>A period between "Boost" and the library name (e.g., Boost.Bind) is used if and only if the library name is not followed by the word "library".</li>
- <li>The word "library" is not part of the library name and is therefore lowercased.</li>
- </ul>
- <p>Here are a few examples of how to apply these conventions:
- <ul>
- <li>Boost.Bind was written by Peter Dimov.</li>
- <li>The Boost Bind library was written by Peter Dimov.</li>
- <li>I regularly use Bind, a Boost library written by Peter Dimov.</li>
- </ul>
- <h3><a name="Documentation">Documentation</a></h3>
- <p>Even the simplest library needs some documentation; the amount should be
- proportional to the need. The documentation should assume the readers
- have a basic knowledge of C++, but are not necessarily experts.</p>
- <p>The format for documentation should be HTML, and should not require an advanced
- browser or server-side extensions. Style sheets are acceptable.
- ECMAScript/JavaScript is not acceptable. The documentation entry point should
- always be a file named index.html or index.htm; see <a href="#Redirection">Redirection</a>.</p>
- <p>There is no single right way to do documentation. HTML documentation is often
- organized quite differently from traditional printed documents. Task-oriented
- styles differ from reference oriented styles. In the end, it comes down to the
- question: Is the documentation sufficient for the mythical "average" C++
- programmer to use the library successfully?</p>
- <p>Appropriate topics for documentation often include:
- <ul>
- <li>
- General introduction to the library.
- <li>
- Description of each class.
- <li>
- Relationship between classes.
- <li>
- For each function, as applicable, description, requirements (preconditions),
- effects, post-conditions, returns, and throws.
- <li>
- Discussion of error detection and recovery strategy.
- <li>
- How to use including description of typical uses.
- <li>
- How to compile and link.
- <li>
- How to test.
- <li>
- Version or revision history.
- <li>
- Rationale for design decisions. See <a href="#Rationale">Rationale rationale</a>.
- <li>
- Acknowledgements. See <a href="#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgments rationale.</a></li>
- </ul>
- <p>If you need more help with how to write documentation you can check out the
- article on <a href="writingdoc/index.html">Writing Documentation for Boost</a>.</p>
- <h2><a name="Rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
- <p>Rationale for some of the requirements and guidelines follows.</p>
- <hr>
- <h3><a name="Exception-specification">Exception-specification</a> rationale</h3>
- <p>Exception specifications [ISO 15.4] are sometimes coded to indicate what
- exceptions may be thrown, or because the programmer hopes they will improved
- performance. But consider the following member from a smart pointer:</p>
- <pre> T& operator*() const throw() { return *ptr; }</pre>
- <p>This function calls no other functions; it only manipulates fundamental data
- types like pointers Therefore, no runtime behavior of the
- exception-specification can ever be invoked. The function is completely
- exposed to the compiler; indeed it is declared inline Therefore, a smart
- compiler can easily deduce that the functions are incapable of throwing
- exceptions, and make the same optimizations it would have made based on the
- empty exception-specification. A "dumb" compiler, however, may make all kinds
- of pessimizations.</p>
- <p>For example, some compilers turn off inlining if there is an
- exception-specification. Some compilers add try/catch blocks. Such
- pessimizations can be a performance disaster which makes the code unusable in
- practical applications.</p>
- <p>Although initially appealing, an exception-specification tends to have
- consequences that require <b>very</b> careful thought to understand. The
- biggest problem with exception-specifications is that programmers use them as
- though they have the effect the programmer would like, instead of the effect
- they actually have.</p>
- <p>A non-inline function is the one place a "throws nothing"
- exception-specification may have some benefit with some compilers.</p>
- <hr>
- <h3><a name="Naming">Naming</a> conventions rationale</h3>
- <p>The C++ standard committee's Library Working Group discussed this issue in
- detail, and over a long period of time. The discussion was repeated again in
- early boost postings. A short summary:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Naming conventions are contentious, and although several are widely used, no
- one style predominates.
- <li>
- Given the intent to propose portions of boost for the next revision of the C++
- standard library, boost decided to follow the standard library's conventions.
- <li>
- Once a library settles on a particular convention, a vast majority of
- stakeholders want that style to be consistently used.
- </li>
- </ul>
- <hr>
- <h3>Source <a name="code_fonts">code fonts</a> rationale</h3>
- <p>Dave Abrahams comments: An important purpose (I daresay the primary purpose) of
- source code is communication: the documentation of intent. This is a doubly
- important goal for boost, I think. Using a fixed-width font allows us to
- communicate with more people, in more ways (diagrams are possible) right there
- in the source. Code written for fixed-width fonts using spaces will read
- reasonably well when viewed with a variable-width font, and as far as I can
- tell every editor supporting variable-width fonts also supports fixed width. I
- don't think the converse is true.</p>
- <hr>
- <h3><a name="Tabs">Tabs</a> rationale</h3>
- <p>Tabs are banned because of the practical problems caused by tabs in
- multi-developer projects like Boost, rather than any dislike in principle. See <a href="mailing_lists.htm#archive">
- mailing list archives</a>. Problems include maintenance of a single source
- file by programmers using tabs and programmers using spaces, and the difficulty
- of enforcing a consistent tab policy other than just "no tabs". Discussions
- concluded that Boost files should either all use tabs, or all use spaces, and
- thus the decision to stick with spaces.</p>
- <hr>
- <h3>ECMAScript/<a name="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> rationale</h3>
- <p>Before the 1.29.0 release, two Boost libraries added ECMAScript/JavaScript
- documentation. Controversy followed (see <a href="mailing_lists.htm#archive">mailing
- list archives</a>), and the developers were asked to remove the
- ECMAScript/JavaScript. Reasons given for banning included:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>
- Incompatible with some older browsers and some text based browsers.
- <li>
- Makes printing docs pages difficult.
- <li>
- Often results in really bad user interface design.
- <li>
- "It's just annoying in general."
- <li>
- Would require Boost to test web pages for ECMAScript/JavaScript compliance.
- <li>
- Makes docs maintenance by other than the original developer more difficult.</li>
- </ul>
- <hr>
- <h3><a name="Rationale_rationale">Rationale rationale</a></h3>
- <p>Rationale is defined as "The fundamental reasons for something; basis" by the
- American Heritage Dictionary.</p>
- <p>Beman Dawes comments: Failure to supply contemporaneous rationale for
- design decisions is a major defect in many software projects. Lack of accurate
- rationale causes issues to be revisited endlessly, causes maintenance bugs when
- a maintainer changes something without realizing it was done a certain way for
- some purpose, and shortens the useful lifetime of software.</p>
- <p>Rationale is fairly easy to provide at the time decisions are made, but very
- hard to accurately recover even a short time later.</p>
- <hr>
- <h3><a name="Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a> rationale</h3>
- <p>As a library matures, it almost always accumulates improvements suggested to
- the authors by other boost members. It is a part of the culture of
- boost.org to acknowledge such contributions, identifying the person making the
- suggestion. Major contributions are usually acknowledged in the
- documentation, while minor fixes are often mentioned in comments within the
- code itself.</p>
- <hr>
- <p>Revised
- <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
- 04 November, 2003<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
- <p>
- © <a name="Copyright">Copyright</a> Beman Dawes 2003.</p>
- <p> Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
- (See accompanying file <a href="../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or
- copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
- </p>
- </body>
- </html>
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