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build/three.cjs

@@ -10063,7 +10063,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 	 */
 	extractBasis( xAxis, yAxis, zAxis ) {
 
-		if ( this.determinant() === 0 ) {
+		if ( this.determinantAffine() === 0 ) {
 
 			xAxis.set( 1, 0, 0 );
 			yAxis.set( 0, 1, 0 );
@@ -10113,7 +10113,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 	 */
 	extractRotation( m ) {
 
-		if ( m.determinant() === 0 ) {
+		if ( m.determinantAffine() === 0 ) {
 
 			return this.identity();
 
@@ -10474,6 +10474,31 @@ class Matrix4 {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Computes and returns the determinant of the 4x4 matrix, but assumes the
+	 * matrix is affine, saving some computations.
+	 *
+	 * For affine matrices (like an object's world matrix), this value equals the
+	 * full 4x4 {@link Matrix4#determinant} but is cheaper to compute.
+	 *
+	 * Assumes the bottom row is [0, 0, 0, 1].
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The determinant of the matrix.
+	 */
+	determinantAffine() {
+
+		const te = this.elements;
+
+		const n11 = te[ 0 ], n12 = te[ 4 ], n13 = te[ 8 ];
+		const n21 = te[ 1 ], n22 = te[ 5 ], n23 = te[ 9 ];
+		const n31 = te[ 2 ], n32 = te[ 6 ], n33 = te[ 10 ];
+
+		return n11 * ( n22 * n33 - n23 * n32 ) -
+			n12 * ( n21 * n33 - n23 * n31 ) +
+			n13 * ( n21 * n32 - n22 * n31 );
+
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Transposes this matrix in place.
 	 *
@@ -10883,7 +10908,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 		position.y = te[ 13 ];
 		position.z = te[ 14 ];
 
-		const det = this.determinant();
+		const det = this.determinantAffine();
 
 		if ( det === 0 ) {
 
@@ -25700,7 +25725,6 @@ class Frustum {
 }
 
 const _projScreenMatrix$2 = /*@__PURE__*/ new Matrix4();
-const _frustum$1 = /*@__PURE__*/ new Frustum();
 
 /**
  * FrustumArray is used to determine if an object is visible in at least one camera
@@ -25722,220 +25746,191 @@ class FrustumArray {
 		 */
 		this.coordinateSystem = WebGLCoordinateSystem;
 
+		/**
+		 * A pool of frustum instances. It may hold more entries than are
+		 * currently in use; surplus instances are kept for reuse to avoid
+		 * reallocating when array cameras of different lengths are rendered.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Array<Frustum>}
+		 */
+		this._frustums = [];
+
+		/**
+		 * The number of frustums in {@link FrustumArray#_frustums} that are currently
+		 * in use.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._count = 0;
+
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the 3D object's bounding sphere is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Computes and caches a frustum for each camera of the given array camera.
 	 *
-	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
-	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is visible in any camera.
+	 * @param {ArrayCamera} cameraArray - The array camera whose sub-cameras define the frustums.
+	 * @return {FrustumArray} A reference to this frustum array.
 	 */
-	intersectsObject( object, cameraArray ) {
+	setFromArrayCamera( cameraArray ) {
 
-		if ( ! cameraArray.isArrayCamera || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
+		const cameras = cameraArray.cameras;
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			return false;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cameras.length; i ++ ) {
 
-		}
+			const camera = cameras[ i ];
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
+			if ( frustums[ i ] === undefined ) frustums[ i ] = new Frustum();
 
-			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
-
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$2,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
-
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsObject( object ) ) {
-
-				return true; // Object is visible in at least one camera
-
-			}
+			frustums[ i ].setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix$2, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		this._count = cameras.length;
+
+		return this;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given sprite is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the 3D object's bounding sphere is intersecting any cached frustum.
 	 *
-	 * @param {Sprite} sprite - The sprite to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
-	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sprite is visible in any camera.
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsSprite( sprite, cameraArray ) {
+	intersectsObject( object ) {
 
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			return false;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-		}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsObject( object ) ) return true;
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+		}
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
+		return false;
 
-			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+	}
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$2,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given sprite is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Sprite} sprite - The sprite to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sprite is visible in any camera.
+	 */
+	intersectsSprite( sprite ) {
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsSprite( sprite ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Sprite is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsSprite( sprite ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding sphere is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding sphere is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Sphere} sphere - The bounding sphere to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sphere is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsSphere( sphere, cameraArray ) {
-
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
-
-			return false;
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
-
-			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
-
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$2,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+	intersectsSphere( sphere ) {
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsSphere( sphere ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Sphere is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsSphere( sphere ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding box is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding box is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Box3} box - The bounding box to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the box is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsBox( box, cameraArray ) {
-
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
-
-			return false;
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
-
-			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
-
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$2,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+	intersectsBox( box ) {
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsBox( box ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Box is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsBox( box ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given point lies within any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given point lies within any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Vector3} point - The point to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the point is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	containsPoint( point, cameraArray ) {
+	containsPoint( point ) {
 
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			return false;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( frustums[ i ].containsPoint( point ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+		return false;
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
+	}
 
-			_projScreenMatrix$2.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+	/**
+	 * Copies the values of the given frustum array to this instance.
+	 *
+	 * @param {FrustumArray} frustumArray - The frustum array to copy.
+	 * @return {FrustumArray} A reference to this frustum array.
+	 */
+	copy( source ) {
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$2,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+		this.coordinateSystem = source.coordinateSystem;
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.containsPoint( point ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
+		const sourceFrustums = source._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Point is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < source._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ] === undefined ) frustums[ i ] = new Frustum();
+
+			frustums[ i ].copy( sourceFrustums[ i ] );
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		this._count = source._count;
+
+		return this;
 
 	}
 
@@ -25946,7 +25941,7 @@ class FrustumArray {
 	 */
 	clone() {
 
-		return new FrustumArray();
+		return new FrustumArray().copy( this );
 
 	}
 
@@ -27492,17 +27487,25 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 		// prepare the frustum in the local frame
-		if ( perObjectFrustumCulled && ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( perObjectFrustumCulled ) {
 
-			_matrix$1
-				.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse )
-				.multiply( this.matrixWorld );
+			if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
 
-			_frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_matrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+				frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+			} else {
+
+				_matrix$1
+					.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse )
+					.multiply( this.matrixWorld );
+
+				frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(
+					_matrix$1,
+					camera.coordinateSystem,
+					camera.reversedDepth
+				);
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
@@ -27528,7 +27531,7 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 					let culled = false;
 					if ( perObjectFrustumCulled ) {
 
-						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2, camera );
+						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2 );
 
 					}
 
@@ -27585,7 +27588,7 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 						// get the bounds in world space
 						this.getMatrixAt( i, _matrix$1 );
 						this.getBoundingSphereAt( geometryId, _sphere$2 ).applyMatrix4( _matrix$1 );
-						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2, camera );
+						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2 );
 
 					}
 
@@ -29374,9 +29377,6 @@ class CubeDepthTexture extends DepthTexture {
  * This may be a texture from a protected media stream, device camera feed,
  * or other data feeds like a depth sensor.
  *
- * Note that this class is only supported in {@link WebGLRenderer}, and in
- * the {@link WebGPURenderer} WebGPU backend.
- *
  * @augments Texture
  */
 class ExternalTexture extends Texture {
@@ -67058,9 +67058,10 @@ function WebGLProgram( renderer, cacheKey, parameters, bindingStates ) {
 
 		gl.bindAttribLocation( program, 0, parameters.index0AttributeName );
 
-	} else if ( parameters.morphTargets === true ) {
+	} else if ( parameters.hasPositionAttribute === true ) {
+
+		// below avoids the "Attribute 0 is disabled" performance penalty
 
-		// programs with morphTargets displace position out of attribute 0
 		gl.bindAttribLocation( program, 0, 'position' );
 
 	}
@@ -67250,13 +67251,7 @@ class WebGLShaderCache {
 
 	}
 
-	update( material ) {
-
-		const vertexShader = material.vertexShader;
-		const fragmentShader = material.fragmentShader;
-
-		const vertexShaderStage = this._getShaderStage( vertexShader );
-		const fragmentShaderStage = this._getShaderStage( fragmentShader );
+	update( material, vertexShaderStage, fragmentShaderStage ) {
 
 		const materialShaders = this._getShaderCacheForMaterial( material );
 
@@ -67296,15 +67291,15 @@ class WebGLShaderCache {
 
 	}
 
-	getVertexShaderID( material ) {
+	getVertexShaderStage( material ) {
 
-		return this._getShaderStage( material.vertexShader ).id;
+		return this._getShaderStage( material.vertexShader );
 
 	}
 
-	getFragmentShaderID( material ) {
+	getFragmentShaderStage( material ) {
 
-		return this._getShaderStage( material.fragmentShader ).id;
+		return this._getShaderStage( material.fragmentShader );
 
 	}
 
@@ -67463,10 +67458,13 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 			vertexShader = material.vertexShader;
 			fragmentShader = material.fragmentShader;
 
-			_customShaders.update( material );
+			const vertexShaderStage = _customShaders.getVertexShaderStage( material );
+			const fragmentShaderStage = _customShaders.getFragmentShaderStage( material );
 
-			customVertexShaderID = _customShaders.getVertexShaderID( material );
-			customFragmentShaderID = _customShaders.getFragmentShaderID( material );
+			_customShaders.update( material, vertexShaderStage, fragmentShaderStage );
+
+			customVertexShaderID = vertexShaderStage.id;
+			customFragmentShaderID = fragmentShaderStage.id;
 
 		}
 
@@ -67679,6 +67677,8 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 
 			skinning: object.isSkinnedMesh === true,
 
+			hasPositionAttribute: geometry.attributes.position !== undefined,
+
 			morphTargets: geometry.morphAttributes.position !== undefined,
 			morphNormals: geometry.morphAttributes.normal !== undefined,
 			morphColors: geometry.morphAttributes.color !== undefined,
@@ -67940,6 +67940,8 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 			_programLayers.enable( 21 );
 		if ( parameters.numLightProbeGrids > 0 )
 			_programLayers.enable( 22 );
+		if ( parameters.hasPositionAttribute )
+			_programLayers.enable( 23 );
 
 		array.push( _programLayers.mask );
 
@@ -77154,7 +77156,7 @@ class WebGLRenderer {
 
 			if ( scene === null ) scene = _emptyScene; // renderBufferDirect second parameter used to be fog (could be null)
 
-			const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+			const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 			const program = setProgram( camera, scene, geometry, material, object );
 

build/three.core.js

@@ -10083,7 +10083,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 	 */
 	extractBasis( xAxis, yAxis, zAxis ) {
 
-		if ( this.determinant() === 0 ) {
+		if ( this.determinantAffine() === 0 ) {
 
 			xAxis.set( 1, 0, 0 );
 			yAxis.set( 0, 1, 0 );
@@ -10133,7 +10133,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 	 */
 	extractRotation( m ) {
 
-		if ( m.determinant() === 0 ) {
+		if ( m.determinantAffine() === 0 ) {
 
 			return this.identity();
 
@@ -10494,6 +10494,31 @@ class Matrix4 {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Computes and returns the determinant of the 4x4 matrix, but assumes the
+	 * matrix is affine, saving some computations.
+	 *
+	 * For affine matrices (like an object's world matrix), this value equals the
+	 * full 4x4 {@link Matrix4#determinant} but is cheaper to compute.
+	 *
+	 * Assumes the bottom row is [0, 0, 0, 1].
+	 *
+	 * @return {number} The determinant of the matrix.
+	 */
+	determinantAffine() {
+
+		const te = this.elements;
+
+		const n11 = te[ 0 ], n12 = te[ 4 ], n13 = te[ 8 ];
+		const n21 = te[ 1 ], n22 = te[ 5 ], n23 = te[ 9 ];
+		const n31 = te[ 2 ], n32 = te[ 6 ], n33 = te[ 10 ];
+
+		return n11 * ( n22 * n33 - n23 * n32 ) -
+			n12 * ( n21 * n33 - n23 * n31 ) +
+			n13 * ( n21 * n32 - n22 * n31 );
+
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Transposes this matrix in place.
 	 *
@@ -10903,7 +10928,7 @@ class Matrix4 {
 		position.y = te[ 13 ];
 		position.z = te[ 14 ];
 
-		const det = this.determinant();
+		const det = this.determinantAffine();
 
 		if ( det === 0 ) {
 
@@ -25720,7 +25745,6 @@ class Frustum {
 }
 
 const _projScreenMatrix$1 = /*@__PURE__*/ new Matrix4();
-const _frustum$1 = /*@__PURE__*/ new Frustum();
 
 /**
  * FrustumArray is used to determine if an object is visible in at least one camera
@@ -25742,220 +25766,191 @@ class FrustumArray {
 		 */
 		this.coordinateSystem = WebGLCoordinateSystem;
 
+		/**
+		 * A pool of frustum instances. It may hold more entries than are
+		 * currently in use; surplus instances are kept for reuse to avoid
+		 * reallocating when array cameras of different lengths are rendered.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {Array<Frustum>}
+		 */
+		this._frustums = [];
+
+		/**
+		 * The number of frustums in {@link FrustumArray#_frustums} that are currently
+		 * in use.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @type {number}
+		 * @default 0
+		 */
+		this._count = 0;
+
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the 3D object's bounding sphere is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Computes and caches a frustum for each camera of the given array camera.
 	 *
-	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
-	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is visible in any camera.
+	 * @param {ArrayCamera} cameraArray - The array camera whose sub-cameras define the frustums.
+	 * @return {FrustumArray} A reference to this frustum array.
 	 */
-	intersectsObject( object, cameraArray ) {
-
-		if ( ! cameraArray.isArrayCamera || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
-
-			return false;
+	setFromArrayCamera( cameraArray ) {
 
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+		const cameras = cameraArray.cameras;
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
-
-			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cameras.length; i ++ ) {
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+			const camera = cameras[ i ];
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsObject( object ) ) {
+			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 
-				return true; // Object is visible in at least one camera
+			if ( frustums[ i ] === undefined ) frustums[ i ] = new Frustum();
 
-			}
+			frustums[ i ].setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix$1, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		this._count = cameras.length;
+
+		return this;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given sprite is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the 3D object's bounding sphere is intersecting any cached frustum.
 	 *
-	 * @param {Sprite} sprite - The sprite to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
-	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sprite is visible in any camera.
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Object3D} object - The 3D object to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the 3D object is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsSprite( sprite, cameraArray ) {
+	intersectsObject( object ) {
 
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			return false;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-		}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsObject( object ) ) return true;
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+		}
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
+		return false;
 
-			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+	}
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given sprite is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Sprite} sprite - The sprite to test.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sprite is visible in any camera.
+	 */
+	intersectsSprite( sprite ) {
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsSprite( sprite ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Sprite is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsSprite( sprite ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding sphere is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding sphere is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Sphere} sphere - The bounding sphere to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the sphere is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsSphere( sphere, cameraArray ) {
-
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
-
-			return false;
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
-
-			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
-
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+	intersectsSphere( sphere ) {
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsSphere( sphere ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Sphere is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsSphere( sphere ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding box is intersecting any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given bounding box is intersecting any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Box3} box - The bounding box to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the box is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	intersectsBox( box, cameraArray ) {
-
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
-
-			return false;
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
-
-			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+	intersectsBox( box ) {
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.intersectsBox( box ) ) {
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
 
-				return true; // Box is visible in at least one camera
-
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ].intersectsBox( box ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		return false;
 
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Returns `true` if the given point lies within any frustum
-	 * from the camera array.
+	 * Returns `true` if the given point lies within any cached frustum.
+	 *
+	 * {@link FrustumArray#setFromArrayCamera} must be called once per render before this method.
 	 *
 	 * @param {Vector3} point - The point to test.
-	 * @param {Object} cameraArray - An object with a cameras property containing an array of cameras.
 	 * @return {boolean} Whether the point is visible in any camera.
 	 */
-	containsPoint( point, cameraArray ) {
+	containsPoint( point ) {
 
-		if ( ! cameraArray || ! cameraArray.cameras || cameraArray.cameras.length === 0 ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
 
-			return false;
+		for ( let i = 0; i < this._count; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( frustums[ i ].containsPoint( point ) ) return true;
 
 		}
 
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cameraArray.cameras.length; i ++ ) {
+		return false;
 
-			const camera = cameraArray.cameras[ i ];
+	}
 
-			_projScreenMatrix$1.multiplyMatrices(
-				camera.projectionMatrix,
-				camera.matrixWorldInverse
-			);
+	/**
+	 * Copies the values of the given frustum array to this instance.
+	 *
+	 * @param {FrustumArray} frustumArray - The frustum array to copy.
+	 * @return {FrustumArray} A reference to this frustum array.
+	 */
+	copy( source ) {
 
-			_frustum$1.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_projScreenMatrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+		this.coordinateSystem = source.coordinateSystem;
 
-			if ( _frustum$1.containsPoint( point ) ) {
+		const frustums = this._frustums;
+		const sourceFrustums = source._frustums;
 
-				return true; // Point is visible in at least one camera
+		for ( let i = 0; i < source._count; i ++ ) {
 
-			}
+			if ( frustums[ i ] === undefined ) frustums[ i ] = new Frustum();
+
+			frustums[ i ].copy( sourceFrustums[ i ] );
 
 		}
 
-		return false; // Not visible in any camera
+		this._count = source._count;
+
+		return this;
 
 	}
 
@@ -25966,7 +25961,7 @@ class FrustumArray {
 	 */
 	clone() {
 
-		return new FrustumArray();
+		return new FrustumArray().copy( this );
 
 	}
 
@@ -27512,17 +27507,25 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 		// prepare the frustum in the local frame
-		if ( perObjectFrustumCulled && ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( perObjectFrustumCulled ) {
 
-			_matrix$1
-				.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse )
-				.multiply( this.matrixWorld );
+			if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
 
-			_frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(
-				_matrix$1,
-				camera.coordinateSystem,
-				camera.reversedDepth
-			);
+				frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+			} else {
+
+				_matrix$1
+					.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse )
+					.multiply( this.matrixWorld );
+
+				frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(
+					_matrix$1,
+					camera.coordinateSystem,
+					camera.reversedDepth
+				);
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
@@ -27548,7 +27551,7 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 					let culled = false;
 					if ( perObjectFrustumCulled ) {
 
-						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2, camera );
+						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2 );
 
 					}
 
@@ -27605,7 +27608,7 @@ class BatchedMesh extends Mesh {
 						// get the bounds in world space
 						this.getMatrixAt( i, _matrix$1 );
 						this.getBoundingSphereAt( geometryId, _sphere$2 ).applyMatrix4( _matrix$1 );
-						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2, camera );
+						culled = ! frustum.intersectsSphere( _sphere$2 );
 
 					}
 
@@ -29394,9 +29397,6 @@ class CubeDepthTexture extends DepthTexture {
  * This may be a texture from a protected media stream, device camera feed,
  * or other data feeds like a depth sensor.
  *
- * Note that this class is only supported in {@link WebGLRenderer}, and in
- * the {@link WebGPURenderer} WebGPU backend.
- *
  * @augments Texture
  */
 class ExternalTexture extends Texture {

build/three.module.js

@@ -7081,9 +7081,10 @@ function WebGLProgram( renderer, cacheKey, parameters, bindingStates ) {
 
 		gl.bindAttribLocation( program, 0, parameters.index0AttributeName );
 
-	} else if ( parameters.morphTargets === true ) {
+	} else if ( parameters.hasPositionAttribute === true ) {
+
+		// below avoids the "Attribute 0 is disabled" performance penalty
 
-		// programs with morphTargets displace position out of attribute 0
 		gl.bindAttribLocation( program, 0, 'position' );
 
 	}
@@ -7273,13 +7274,7 @@ class WebGLShaderCache {
 
 	}
 
-	update( material ) {
-
-		const vertexShader = material.vertexShader;
-		const fragmentShader = material.fragmentShader;
-
-		const vertexShaderStage = this._getShaderStage( vertexShader );
-		const fragmentShaderStage = this._getShaderStage( fragmentShader );
+	update( material, vertexShaderStage, fragmentShaderStage ) {
 
 		const materialShaders = this._getShaderCacheForMaterial( material );
 
@@ -7319,15 +7314,15 @@ class WebGLShaderCache {
 
 	}
 
-	getVertexShaderID( material ) {
+	getVertexShaderStage( material ) {
 
-		return this._getShaderStage( material.vertexShader ).id;
+		return this._getShaderStage( material.vertexShader );
 
 	}
 
-	getFragmentShaderID( material ) {
+	getFragmentShaderStage( material ) {
 
-		return this._getShaderStage( material.fragmentShader ).id;
+		return this._getShaderStage( material.fragmentShader );
 
 	}
 
@@ -7486,10 +7481,13 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 			vertexShader = material.vertexShader;
 			fragmentShader = material.fragmentShader;
 
-			_customShaders.update( material );
+			const vertexShaderStage = _customShaders.getVertexShaderStage( material );
+			const fragmentShaderStage = _customShaders.getFragmentShaderStage( material );
 
-			customVertexShaderID = _customShaders.getVertexShaderID( material );
-			customFragmentShaderID = _customShaders.getFragmentShaderID( material );
+			_customShaders.update( material, vertexShaderStage, fragmentShaderStage );
+
+			customVertexShaderID = vertexShaderStage.id;
+			customFragmentShaderID = fragmentShaderStage.id;
 
 		}
 
@@ -7702,6 +7700,8 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 
 			skinning: object.isSkinnedMesh === true,
 
+			hasPositionAttribute: geometry.attributes.position !== undefined,
+
 			morphTargets: geometry.morphAttributes.position !== undefined,
 			morphNormals: geometry.morphAttributes.normal !== undefined,
 			morphColors: geometry.morphAttributes.color !== undefined,
@@ -7963,6 +7963,8 @@ function WebGLPrograms( renderer, environments, extensions, capabilities, bindin
 			_programLayers.enable( 21 );
 		if ( parameters.numLightProbeGrids > 0 )
 			_programLayers.enable( 22 );
+		if ( parameters.hasPositionAttribute )
+			_programLayers.enable( 23 );
 
 		array.push( _programLayers.mask );
 
@@ -17177,7 +17179,7 @@ class WebGLRenderer {
 
 			if ( scene === null ) scene = _emptyScene; // renderBufferDirect second parameter used to be fog (could be null)
 
-			const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+			const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 			const program = setProgram( camera, scene, geometry, material, object );
 

build/three.webgpu.js

@@ -14260,7 +14260,7 @@ const cameraProjectionMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraProjectionMatrix = _cameraProjectionMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraProjectionMatrix' );
+		cameraProjectionMatrix = _cameraProjectionMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14308,7 +14308,7 @@ const cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = _cameraProjectionMatrixInverseArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraProjectionMatrixInverse' );
+		cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = _cameraProjectionMatrixInverseArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14356,7 +14356,7 @@ const cameraViewMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraViewMatrix = _cameraViewMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraViewMatrix' );
+		cameraViewMatrix = _cameraViewMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14404,7 +14404,7 @@ const cameraWorldMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraWorldMatrix = _cameraWorldMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraWorldMatrix' );
+		cameraWorldMatrix = _cameraWorldMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14452,7 +14452,7 @@ const cameraNormalMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraNormalMatrix = _cameraNormalMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraNormalMatrix' );
+		cameraNormalMatrix = _cameraNormalMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14511,7 +14511,7 @@ const cameraPosition = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraPosition = _cameraPositionArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraPosition' );
+		cameraPosition = _cameraPositionArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14560,7 +14560,7 @@ const cameraViewport = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraViewport = _cameraViewportArray.element( cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraViewport' );
+		cameraViewport = _cameraViewportArray.element( cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -60045,7 +60045,11 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-		if ( ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+			frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+		} else {
 
 			_projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 			frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
@@ -60351,6 +60355,21 @@ class Renderer {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the cached GPU render bundle for the given bundle group is
+	 * out-of-date and must be recorded again.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {BundleGroup} bundleGroup - The bundle group.
+	 * @param {Object} renderBundleData - The backend data of the render bundle.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the cached render bundle needs an update.
+	 */
+	_bundleNeedsUpdate( bundleGroup, renderBundleData ) {
+
+		return renderBundleData.bundleGPU === undefined || bundleGroup.version !== renderBundleData.version;
+
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Renders the given render bundle.
 	 *
@@ -60369,20 +60388,12 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const renderBundle = this._bundles.get( bundleGroup, camera, renderContext );
 		const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( renderBundle );
-
-		const needsUpdate = bundleGroup.version !== renderBundleData.version;
-		const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = needsUpdate || renderBundleData.bundleGPU === undefined;
+		const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = this._bundleNeedsUpdate( bundleGroup, renderBundleData );
 
 		if ( renderBundleNeedsUpdate ) {
 
 			this.backend.beginBundle( renderContext );
 
-			if ( renderBundleData.renderObjects === undefined || needsUpdate ) {
-
-				renderBundleData.renderObjects = [];
-
-			}
-
 			this._currentRenderBundle = renderBundle;
 
 			const {
@@ -60414,6 +60425,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 					this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
 
+					this._geometries.updateForRender( renderObject );
 					this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
 					this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
 
@@ -60743,7 +60755,11 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-		if ( ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+			frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+		} else {
 
 			_projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 			frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
@@ -62184,7 +62200,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsSprite( object, camera ) ) {
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsSprite( object ) ) {
 
 					if ( this.sortObjects === true ) {
 
@@ -62210,7 +62226,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsObject( object, camera ) ) {
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsObject( object ) ) {
 
 					const { geometry, material } = object;
 
@@ -62259,9 +62275,40 @@ class Renderer {
 			const baseRenderList = renderList;
 
 			// replace render list
+
 			renderList = this._renderLists.get( object, camera );
 
-			renderList.begin();
+			const renderBundle = this._bundles.get( object, camera, this._currentRenderContext );
+			const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( renderBundle );
+			const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = this._bundleNeedsUpdate( object, renderBundleData );
+
+			if ( renderBundleNeedsUpdate ) {
+
+				// update render list if necessary
+
+				renderList.begin();
+
+				if ( renderBundleData.renderObjects === undefined ) {
+
+					renderBundleData.renderObjects = [];
+
+				} else {
+
+					renderBundleData.renderObjects.length = 0;
+
+				}
+
+				const children = object.children;
+
+				for ( let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+					this._projectObject( children[ i ], camera, groupOrder, renderList, clippingContext );
+
+				}
+
+				renderList.finish();
+
+			}
 
 			baseRenderList.pushBundle( {
 				bundleGroup: object,
@@ -62269,10 +62316,12 @@ class Renderer {
 				renderList,
 			} );
 
-			renderList.finish();
+			return;
 
 		}
 
+		//
+
 		const children = object.children;
 
 		for ( let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
@@ -62389,7 +62438,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		if ( cache === undefined || cache.version !== version ) {
 
-			const hasMap = material.map !== null;
+			const hasMap = material.map && material.map.isTexture;
 			const hasColorNode = material.colorNode && material.colorNode.isNode;
 			const hasCastShadowNode = material.castShadowNode && material.castShadowNode.isNode;
 			const hasMaskNode = ( material.maskShadowNode && material.maskShadowNode.isNode ) || ( material.maskNode && material.maskNode.isNode );
@@ -69202,30 +69251,42 @@ class WebGLTextureUtils {
 	createTexture( texture, options ) {
 
 		const { gl, backend } = this;
-		const { levels, width, height, depth } = options;
 
-		const glFormat = backend.utils.convert( texture.format, texture.colorSpace );
-		const glType = backend.utils.convert( texture.type );
-		const glInternalFormat = this.getInternalFormat( texture.internalFormat, glFormat, glType, texture.normalized, texture.colorSpace, texture.isVideoTexture );
+		let textureGPU, glTextureType, glFormat, glType, glInternalFormat;
 
-		const textureGPU = gl.createTexture();
-		const glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
+		if ( texture.isExternalTexture === true ) {
 
-		backend.state.bindTexture( glTextureType, textureGPU );
+			textureGPU = texture.sourceTexture;
+			glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
 
-		this.setTextureParameters( glTextureType, texture );
+		} else {
 
-		if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture ) {
+			const { levels, width, height, depth } = options;
 
-			gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+			glFormat = backend.utils.convert( texture.format, texture.colorSpace );
+			glType = backend.utils.convert( texture.type );
+			glInternalFormat = this.getInternalFormat( texture.internalFormat, glFormat, glType, texture.normalized, texture.colorSpace, texture.isVideoTexture );
 
-		} else if ( texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+			textureGPU = gl.createTexture();
+			glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
+
+			backend.state.bindTexture( glTextureType, textureGPU );
+
+			this.setTextureParameters( glTextureType, texture );
+
+			if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture ) {
+
+				gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+
+			} else if ( texture.isData3DTexture ) {
 
-			gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_3D, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+				gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_3D, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
 
-		} else if ( ! texture.isVideoTexture ) {
+			} else if ( ! texture.isVideoTexture ) {
 
-			gl.texStorage2D( glTextureType, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height );
+				gl.texStorage2D( glTextureType, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height );
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
@@ -69547,7 +69608,7 @@ class WebGLTextureUtils {
 
 		this.deallocateRenderBuffers( renderTarget );
 
-		if ( isDefaultTexture === false ) {
+		if ( isDefaultTexture === false && texture.isExternalTexture !== true ) {
 
 			gl.deleteTexture( textureGPU );
 
@@ -72010,7 +72071,7 @@ class WebGLBackend extends Backend {
 
 		this._bindUniforms( renderObject.getBindings() );
 
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		state.setMaterial( material, frontFaceCW, hardwareClippingPlanes );
 
@@ -72864,17 +72925,35 @@ class WebGLBackend extends Backend {
 				const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
 				const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
 
+				// Update ranges arrive sorted and non-overlapping which makes
+				// it easy to merge contiguous ranges.
+
+				let start = updateRanges[ 0 ].start; // start of the current merged range
+
 				for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
 
 					const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+					const next = updateRanges[ i + 1 ];
+
+					const end = range.start + range.count; // exclusive end of the current range
 
-					const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
-					const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+					// keep merging while the next range is contiguous
+
+					if ( next !== undefined && next.start === end ) continue;
+
+					// write the merged range
+
+					const dataOffset = start * byteOffsetFactor;
+					const size = ( end - start ) * byteOffsetFactor;
 
 					const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
 
 					gl.bufferSubData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferOffset, array, dataOffset, size );
 
+					// start next if possible
+
+					if ( next !== undefined ) start = next.start;
+
 				}
 
 			}
@@ -76491,7 +76570,7 @@ class WebGPUTextureUtils {
 		const backend = this.backend;
 		const textureData = backend.get( texture );
 
-		if ( textureData.texture !== undefined && isDefaultTexture === false ) textureData.texture.destroy();
+		if ( textureData.texture !== undefined && isDefaultTexture === false && texture.isExternalTexture !== true ) textureData.texture.destroy();
 
 		if ( textureData.msaaTexture !== undefined ) textureData.msaaTexture.destroy();
 
@@ -81518,12 +81597,26 @@ class WebGPUBindingUtils {
 			const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
 			const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
 
+			// Update ranges arrive sorted and non-overlapping which makes
+			// it easy to merge contiguous ranges.
+
+			let start = updateRanges[ 0 ].start; // start of the current merged range
+
 			for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
 
 				const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+				const next = updateRanges[ i + 1 ];
+
+				const end = range.start + range.count; // exclusive end of the current range
+
+				// keep merging while the next range is contiguous
 
-				const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
-				const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+				if ( next !== undefined && next.start === end ) continue;
+
+				// write the merged range
+
+				const dataOffset = start * byteOffsetFactor;
+				const size = ( end - start ) * byteOffsetFactor;
 
 				const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
 
@@ -81535,6 +81628,10 @@ class WebGPUBindingUtils {
 					size
 				);
 
+				// start next if possible
+
+				if ( next !== undefined ) start = next.start;
+
 			}
 
 		}
@@ -82886,7 +82983,7 @@ class WebGPUPipelineUtils {
 
 		let flipSided = ( material.side === BackSide );
 
-		if ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 ) flipSided = ! flipSided;
+		if ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 ) flipSided = ! flipSided;
 
 		descriptor.frontFace = ( flipSided === true ) ? GPUFrontFace.CW : GPUFrontFace.CCW;
 
@@ -85555,7 +85652,7 @@ class WebGPUBackend extends Backend {
 		const colorFormat = utils.getCurrentColorFormat( renderObject.context );
 		const depthStencilFormat = utils.getCurrentDepthStencilFormat( renderObject.context );
 		const primitiveTopology = utils.getPrimitiveTopology( object, material );
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		let needsUpdate = false;
 
@@ -85617,7 +85714,7 @@ class WebGPUBackend extends Backend {
 		// meshes with negative scale have a different frontFace render pipeline
 		// descriptor value so the following must be honored in the cache key
 
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		return [
 			material.transparent, material.blending, material.premultipliedAlpha,

build/three.webgpu.nodes.js

@@ -14260,7 +14260,7 @@ const cameraProjectionMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraProjectionMatrix = _cameraProjectionMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraProjectionMatrix' );
+		cameraProjectionMatrix = _cameraProjectionMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14308,7 +14308,7 @@ const cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = _cameraProjectionMatrixInverseArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraProjectionMatrixInverse' );
+		cameraProjectionMatrixInverse = _cameraProjectionMatrixInverseArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14356,7 +14356,7 @@ const cameraViewMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraViewMatrix = _cameraViewMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraViewMatrix' );
+		cameraViewMatrix = _cameraViewMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14404,7 +14404,7 @@ const cameraWorldMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraWorldMatrix = _cameraWorldMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraWorldMatrix' );
+		cameraWorldMatrix = _cameraWorldMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14452,7 +14452,7 @@ const cameraNormalMatrix = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraNormalMatrix = _cameraNormalMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraNormalMatrix' );
+		cameraNormalMatrix = _cameraNormalMatrixArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14511,7 +14511,7 @@ const cameraPosition = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraPosition = _cameraPositionArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraPosition' );
+		cameraPosition = _cameraPositionArray.element( camera.isMultiViewCamera ? builtin( 'gl_ViewID_OVR' ) : cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -14560,7 +14560,7 @@ const cameraViewport = /*@__PURE__*/ ( Fn( ( { camera } ) => {
 
 		}
 
-		cameraViewport = _cameraViewportArray.element( cameraIndex ).toConst( 'cameraViewport' );
+		cameraViewport = _cameraViewportArray.element( cameraIndex );
 
 	} else {
 
@@ -60045,7 +60045,11 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-		if ( ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+			frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+		} else {
 
 			_projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 			frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
@@ -60351,6 +60355,21 @@ class Renderer {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the cached GPU render bundle for the given bundle group is
+	 * out-of-date and must be recorded again.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {BundleGroup} bundleGroup - The bundle group.
+	 * @param {Object} renderBundleData - The backend data of the render bundle.
+	 * @return {boolean} Whether the cached render bundle needs an update.
+	 */
+	_bundleNeedsUpdate( bundleGroup, renderBundleData ) {
+
+		return renderBundleData.bundleGPU === undefined || bundleGroup.version !== renderBundleData.version;
+
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Renders the given render bundle.
 	 *
@@ -60369,20 +60388,12 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const renderBundle = this._bundles.get( bundleGroup, camera, renderContext );
 		const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( renderBundle );
-
-		const needsUpdate = bundleGroup.version !== renderBundleData.version;
-		const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = needsUpdate || renderBundleData.bundleGPU === undefined;
+		const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = this._bundleNeedsUpdate( bundleGroup, renderBundleData );
 
 		if ( renderBundleNeedsUpdate ) {
 
 			this.backend.beginBundle( renderContext );
 
-			if ( renderBundleData.renderObjects === undefined || needsUpdate ) {
-
-				renderBundleData.renderObjects = [];
-
-			}
-
 			this._currentRenderBundle = renderBundle;
 
 			const {
@@ -60414,6 +60425,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 					this._nodes.updateBefore( renderObject );
 
+					this._geometries.updateForRender( renderObject );
 					this._nodes.updateForRender( renderObject );
 					this._bindings.updateForRender( renderObject );
 
@@ -60743,7 +60755,11 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-		if ( ! camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+		if ( camera.isArrayCamera ) {
+
+			frustum.setFromArrayCamera( camera );
+
+		} else {
 
 			_projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices( camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse );
 			frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix( _projScreenMatrix, camera.coordinateSystem, camera.reversedDepth );
@@ -62184,7 +62200,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsSprite( object, camera ) ) {
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsSprite( object ) ) {
 
 					if ( this.sortObjects === true ) {
 
@@ -62210,7 +62226,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 				const frustum = camera.isArrayCamera ? _frustumArray : _frustum;
 
-				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsObject( object, camera ) ) {
+				if ( ! object.frustumCulled || frustum.intersectsObject( object ) ) {
 
 					const { geometry, material } = object;
 
@@ -62259,9 +62275,40 @@ class Renderer {
 			const baseRenderList = renderList;
 
 			// replace render list
+
 			renderList = this._renderLists.get( object, camera );
 
-			renderList.begin();
+			const renderBundle = this._bundles.get( object, camera, this._currentRenderContext );
+			const renderBundleData = this.backend.get( renderBundle );
+			const renderBundleNeedsUpdate = this._bundleNeedsUpdate( object, renderBundleData );
+
+			if ( renderBundleNeedsUpdate ) {
+
+				// update render list if necessary
+
+				renderList.begin();
+
+				if ( renderBundleData.renderObjects === undefined ) {
+
+					renderBundleData.renderObjects = [];
+
+				} else {
+
+					renderBundleData.renderObjects.length = 0;
+
+				}
+
+				const children = object.children;
+
+				for ( let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
+
+					this._projectObject( children[ i ], camera, groupOrder, renderList, clippingContext );
+
+				}
+
+				renderList.finish();
+
+			}
 
 			baseRenderList.pushBundle( {
 				bundleGroup: object,
@@ -62269,10 +62316,12 @@ class Renderer {
 				renderList,
 			} );
 
-			renderList.finish();
+			return;
 
 		}
 
+		//
+
 		const children = object.children;
 
 		for ( let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
@@ -62389,7 +62438,7 @@ class Renderer {
 
 		if ( cache === undefined || cache.version !== version ) {
 
-			const hasMap = material.map !== null;
+			const hasMap = material.map && material.map.isTexture;
 			const hasColorNode = material.colorNode && material.colorNode.isNode;
 			const hasCastShadowNode = material.castShadowNode && material.castShadowNode.isNode;
 			const hasMaskNode = ( material.maskShadowNode && material.maskShadowNode.isNode ) || ( material.maskNode && material.maskNode.isNode );
@@ -69202,30 +69251,42 @@ class WebGLTextureUtils {
 	createTexture( texture, options ) {
 
 		const { gl, backend } = this;
-		const { levels, width, height, depth } = options;
 
-		const glFormat = backend.utils.convert( texture.format, texture.colorSpace );
-		const glType = backend.utils.convert( texture.type );
-		const glInternalFormat = this.getInternalFormat( texture.internalFormat, glFormat, glType, texture.normalized, texture.colorSpace, texture.isVideoTexture );
+		let textureGPU, glTextureType, glFormat, glType, glInternalFormat;
 
-		const textureGPU = gl.createTexture();
-		const glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
+		if ( texture.isExternalTexture === true ) {
 
-		backend.state.bindTexture( glTextureType, textureGPU );
+			textureGPU = texture.sourceTexture;
+			glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
 
-		this.setTextureParameters( glTextureType, texture );
+		} else {
 
-		if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture ) {
+			const { levels, width, height, depth } = options;
 
-			gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+			glFormat = backend.utils.convert( texture.format, texture.colorSpace );
+			glType = backend.utils.convert( texture.type );
+			glInternalFormat = this.getInternalFormat( texture.internalFormat, glFormat, glType, texture.normalized, texture.colorSpace, texture.isVideoTexture );
 
-		} else if ( texture.isData3DTexture ) {
+			textureGPU = gl.createTexture();
+			glTextureType = this.getGLTextureType( texture );
+
+			backend.state.bindTexture( glTextureType, textureGPU );
+
+			this.setTextureParameters( glTextureType, texture );
+
+			if ( texture.isArrayTexture || texture.isDataArrayTexture || texture.isCompressedArrayTexture ) {
+
+				gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+
+			} else if ( texture.isData3DTexture ) {
 
-			gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_3D, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
+				gl.texStorage3D( gl.TEXTURE_3D, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height, depth );
 
-		} else if ( ! texture.isVideoTexture ) {
+			} else if ( ! texture.isVideoTexture ) {
 
-			gl.texStorage2D( glTextureType, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height );
+				gl.texStorage2D( glTextureType, levels, glInternalFormat, width, height );
+
+			}
 
 		}
 
@@ -69547,7 +69608,7 @@ class WebGLTextureUtils {
 
 		this.deallocateRenderBuffers( renderTarget );
 
-		if ( isDefaultTexture === false ) {
+		if ( isDefaultTexture === false && texture.isExternalTexture !== true ) {
 
 			gl.deleteTexture( textureGPU );
 
@@ -72010,7 +72071,7 @@ class WebGLBackend extends Backend {
 
 		this._bindUniforms( renderObject.getBindings() );
 
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		state.setMaterial( material, frontFaceCW, hardwareClippingPlanes );
 
@@ -72864,17 +72925,35 @@ class WebGLBackend extends Backend {
 				const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
 				const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
 
+				// Update ranges arrive sorted and non-overlapping which makes
+				// it easy to merge contiguous ranges.
+
+				let start = updateRanges[ 0 ].start; // start of the current merged range
+
 				for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
 
 					const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+					const next = updateRanges[ i + 1 ];
+
+					const end = range.start + range.count; // exclusive end of the current range
 
-					const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
-					const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+					// keep merging while the next range is contiguous
+
+					if ( next !== undefined && next.start === end ) continue;
+
+					// write the merged range
+
+					const dataOffset = start * byteOffsetFactor;
+					const size = ( end - start ) * byteOffsetFactor;
 
 					const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
 
 					gl.bufferSubData( gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, bufferOffset, array, dataOffset, size );
 
+					// start next if possible
+
+					if ( next !== undefined ) start = next.start;
+
 				}
 
 			}
@@ -76491,7 +76570,7 @@ class WebGPUTextureUtils {
 		const backend = this.backend;
 		const textureData = backend.get( texture );
 
-		if ( textureData.texture !== undefined && isDefaultTexture === false ) textureData.texture.destroy();
+		if ( textureData.texture !== undefined && isDefaultTexture === false && texture.isExternalTexture !== true ) textureData.texture.destroy();
 
 		if ( textureData.msaaTexture !== undefined ) textureData.msaaTexture.destroy();
 
@@ -81518,12 +81597,26 @@ class WebGPUBindingUtils {
 			const isTyped = isTypedArray( array );
 			const byteOffsetFactor = isTyped ? 1 : array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
 
+			// Update ranges arrive sorted and non-overlapping which makes
+			// it easy to merge contiguous ranges.
+
+			let start = updateRanges[ 0 ].start; // start of the current merged range
+
 			for ( let i = 0, l = updateRanges.length; i < l; i ++ ) {
 
 				const range = updateRanges[ i ];
+				const next = updateRanges[ i + 1 ];
+
+				const end = range.start + range.count; // exclusive end of the current range
+
+				// keep merging while the next range is contiguous
 
-				const dataOffset = range.start * byteOffsetFactor;
-				const size = range.count * byteOffsetFactor;
+				if ( next !== undefined && next.start === end ) continue;
+
+				// write the merged range
+
+				const dataOffset = start * byteOffsetFactor;
+				const size = ( end - start ) * byteOffsetFactor;
 
 				const bufferOffset = dataOffset * ( isTyped ? array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT : 1 ); // bufferOffset is always in bytes
 
@@ -81535,6 +81628,10 @@ class WebGPUBindingUtils {
 					size
 				);
 
+				// start next if possible
+
+				if ( next !== undefined ) start = next.start;
+
 			}
 
 		}
@@ -82886,7 +82983,7 @@ class WebGPUPipelineUtils {
 
 		let flipSided = ( material.side === BackSide );
 
-		if ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 ) flipSided = ! flipSided;
+		if ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 ) flipSided = ! flipSided;
 
 		descriptor.frontFace = ( flipSided === true ) ? GPUFrontFace.CW : GPUFrontFace.CCW;
 
@@ -85555,7 +85652,7 @@ class WebGPUBackend extends Backend {
 		const colorFormat = utils.getCurrentColorFormat( renderObject.context );
 		const depthStencilFormat = utils.getCurrentDepthStencilFormat( renderObject.context );
 		const primitiveTopology = utils.getPrimitiveTopology( object, material );
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		let needsUpdate = false;
 
@@ -85617,7 +85714,7 @@ class WebGPUBackend extends Backend {
 		// meshes with negative scale have a different frontFace render pipeline
 		// descriptor value so the following must be honored in the cache key
 
-		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinant() < 0 );
+		const frontFaceCW = ( object.isMesh && object.matrixWorld.determinantAffine() < 0 );
 
 		return [
 			material.transparent, material.blending, material.premultipliedAlpha,